小麦－玉米轮作区耕作及培肥方式对麦田土壤养分和小麦产量的影响

摘要

In order to explore the rational model of tillage and fertilization in North China ,the experiment was performed in wheat-corn rotation field for four years,and the changes of soil nutrient contents and wheat ′s yield components were surveyed with deep or shallow tillage and four fertilization treatments ,such as organic manure (OF),maize straw (SF),organic manure and maize straw (OSF) and the control (CK).The results showed that, the contents of total nitrogen and organic matter in soils with shallow tillage (ST)were higher than that with deep tillage(DT),but the content of total phosphorus in soils was unstable ; the sequence of contents of total nitrogen and organic matter was as OSF >OF >SF >CK,but the content of total phosphorus was changed differently ,while being as OSF >OF >SF >CK with deep tillage and OF >OSF >SF >CK with shallow tillage.Through the analysis of vari-ance,the effect of tillage methods was highly significant on the content of total nitrogen in soils ,and was significant on the content of organic matter.Furthermore,the effect of fertilizer was highly significant on the content of total ni -trogen and was significant on the content of total phosphorus .The yield with deep tillage maize straw and organic manure (DTOSF) was the highest,and the yield with deep tillage and CK (DTCK) was the lowest.In addition,to some extent,the effect of tillage method on the spike length was highly significant ,and the effect of fertilizer on spike length,spikelet bearing number,1000-grain weight and grains number per spike was highly significant .The in-teractions of tillage and fertilizer had a significant effect on aborted spikelet number .Overall,the best model of till-age and fertilization in North China was DTOSF .%　　为了探索华北地区适宜的耕作培肥方式，通过在河南省获嘉县小麦－玉米轮作区高产农田4年的定位试验，比较研究了深耕（DT）与浅耕（ST）2种耕作方式和增施有机粪肥（OF）、秸秆还田（SF）、有机粪肥＋秸秆还田（OSF）与对照（CK）4种培肥方式对土壤养分和小麦产量的影响。结果表明，对于不同耕作方式，耕层土壤的全氮、有机质含量均为 ST ＞DT，而全磷含量变化不定；对于不同的培肥方式，土壤全氮、有机质含量均为：OSF ＞OF ＞SF ＞CK，但土壤全磷含量变化则有所不同，深耕条件下为：OSF ＞OF ＞SF ＞CK，浅耕条件下则为：OF ＞OSF ＞SF ＞CK。耕作方式对土壤全氮含量影响极显著，对有机质含量影响显著；培肥方式对土壤全氮含量影响极显著，对全磷含量影响显著。从小麦产量来看，无论深耕还是浅耕均以 OSF 处理最高，其中深耕＋有机粪肥＋秸秆还田（DTOSF）处理最高，单独深耕处理（DTCK）最低。此外，耕作方式对穗长的影响极显著，培肥方式对穗长、结实小穗、千粒质量、穗粒数的影响均为极显著，耕作与培肥互作对不孕小穗影响显著。综上所述，DTOSF 处理是华北地区较好的增产耕作培肥方式。