非暴力伦理学与强力抗恶之辩

摘要

托尔斯泰以耶稣基督诫命为根据提出泛爱的道德观和"不以暴力抗恶"的学说.他认为暴力、强制不能从根本上化解矛盾和解决冲突,不能彻底铲除恶,创造善.非暴力就是要把冲突从外部转移到人的内在精神领域,把人的弃恶从善的积极努力从他人转移到自己方面,力图使人"独善其身".另一位俄国哲学家伊里因则认为这一学说具有主观性的缺陷,是"道德自我中心主义".这里体现了两位思想家对人性、生命、道德、爱的不同理解.%Tolstoy, grounded on Jesus Christ's commandments, put forward the theory of universal love and the theory of"nonviolence against evil". He did not believe that violence and compulsion could fundamentally resolve conflicts and completely remove the evil and create the good. Nonviolence meant to transfer the conflict from the outside to the inner spiritual field of human beings, and to convert the positive efforts of people's a?bandoning evil and chasing goodness from others to their own innermost, trying to " make people alone good". Another Russian philosopher, Ubari Ulbun held that this theory had subjective defects and remained"moral e?gocentrism". It reflected the different understandings of two thinkers on human nature, life, morality and love.