Germline transmission of mitochondrial DNA in the mouse.

摘要

In mammals, mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are transmitted through the female germline. Mature oocytes contain nearly 200,000 copies of mtDNA, organized at 1-2 copies per organelle. Despite the high genome copy number, mtDNA sequence variants are observed to segregate rapidly between generations, and this has led to the concept of a genetic bottleneck for the transmission of mtDNA. In this thesis, I demonstrate that a subgroup of replicating genomes in the early post-natal ovary is responsible for the rapid segregation of mtDNA. I show that the rate of segregation of mtDNA can be accelerated when mtDNA copy number is further reduced in heteroplasmic germline-specific knockout mouse models, yet very extreme reductions in germ cell mtDNA content seem to cause female-specific infertility. Low copy number embryos can be fertilized and proceed through preimplantation development yet fail to develop normally after implantation. Tracking the developmental outcome of embryos containing a range of mtDNAs points to a developmental threshold of about 50,000 copies of mtDNA in the oocyte In this thesis I advance the hypothesis that the large number of mitochondria and mtDNAs present in the oocyte represent a genetic mechanism to ensure their distribution to the gametes and somatic cells of the next generation. If true, mtDNA copy number may be the most important determinant of oocyte quality not because of the effects on oocyte metabolism, but because too few would result in a maldistribution in the embryo.