从功能主义角度研究戏剧翻译——兼评《推销员之死》的三个中译本

摘要

自戏剧于古希腊诞生起至现代，戏剧一直是广受大众欢迎的一种艺术形式，无数世界著名戏剧作品也由此被翻译为各种语言传入不同文化的国家和地区。然而，与戏剧翻译的蓬勃发展形成鲜明对比的是，戏剧翻译研究仍然是少有人涉足的一个领域，不仅发展历史短暂，而且缺少理论的支持。这一现象的产生很大程度上是由于戏剧的特殊性。一方面，戏剧作为一种文学体裁存在于文学系统中，供读者阅读，学者研究。另一方面，戏剧又可以作为舞台表演的蓝图于戏剧系统中得以再现，供观众欣赏。正是戏剧这一双重性质长期以来一直困扰着学者和翻译家。 在众多的当代翻译理论当中，德国功能翻译理论挣脱了以对等为中心的传统语言学翻译理论的枷锁，为翻译实践和评价提供了一个全新的视角。功能翻译理论将翻译目的视为翻译过程中最主要的决定因素，将充分性视为翻译的评价标准。本文以功能翻译理论为依据，阐明了戏剧文本和舞台表演相互之间不可分割的依存关系，并由此提出可用于戏剧翻译评价的三种翻译类别--均衡翻译、充分翻译、不充分翻译。本文对阿瑟·密勒的剧作《推销员之死》的三个中文译本展开了个案研究。这三个译本分别出自英若诚、陈良廷、姚克之手。在对比分析之后，本文得出以下结论：在戏剧翻译中，均衡翻译是最理想的情况，充分翻译是可接受的翻译，而不充分翻译是不合需要的。作者期望这一新的功能主义视角能对戏剧翻译研究的发展产生积极的影响。

目录

文摘

英文文摘

声明

Acknowledgements

Chapter One INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background

1.2 The Need and Significance of the Research

1.3 Research Methodology and Rationale

1.4 The Structure of the Dissertation

Chapter Two LITERATURE RIVIEW

2.1 The Background of the Functionalist Approaches

2.2 Chief Representatives of the Functionalist Approaches

2.2.1 Katharina Reiss: the functional category of translation criticism

2.2.2 Hans J. Vermeer: the skopos theory

2.2.3 Justa Holz-M(a)ntt(a)ri: the theory of translational action

2.2.4 Christiane Nord: the function-plus-loyalty model

2.3 Basic Constructs of the Functionalist Approaches

2.3.1 Skopos

2.3.2 Three rules of the skopos theory

2.3.3 The translation brief

2.3.4 The concept of culture and culture-specificity

2.3.5 Adequacy and equivalence

2.4 Studies of the Functionalist Approaches in China

2.5 The Significance of the Functionalist Approaches to Translation Studies

Chapter Three THE APPLICATION OF THE FUNCTIONALIST APPROACHES TO DRAMA TRANSLATION

3.1 Previous Drama Translation Studies

3.1.1 Previous studies on drama translation at home

3.1.2 Previous studies on drama translation abroad

3.2 A New Functionalist Perspective on Drama Translation

3.2.1 The interrelationship between the dramatic text and the theatrical performance

3.2.2 The combination of the two prospective functions

Chapter Four A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE CHINESE VERSIONS OF DEATH OF A SALESMAN

4.1 The Respective Translation Briefs for the Three Translators

4.1.1 The (intended) text function(s)

4.1.2 The target-text addressee(s)

4.1.3 The (prospective) time and place of text reception

4.1.4 The medium over which the text will be transmitted

4.1.5 The motive for the production or reception of the text

4.2 A Detailed Analysis of the Three Chinese Versions in Question

4.2.1 The translation of stage directions

4.2.2 The translation of colloquialisms

4.2.3 The translation of interjections

4.2.4 The translation of culture-loaded words

4.2.5 The translation of rhetorical devices

4.2.6 The translation of idioms

Chapter Five CONCLUSION

5.1 Concluding Remarks

5.2 Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for Future Research

References