城市暴雨径流污染最佳管理措施研究——以上海（中国）和巴马科（马里）为例

摘要

were 10, 8, 5, and 3 times the values calculated in Shanghai industrial, commercial, residential and traffic areas respectively. NO<,2><'->-N pollutions are weaker everywhere. The study also demonstrates that roofs could be a serious source of nonpoint water pollution. Stormwater from old concrete roof is identified as the most contaminated of the four roof types. Then, good care and maintenance of concrete roofs is critical in reducing pollution in roof runoff. The average EMCs of heavy metals such as Cr, Pb, Zn and Cu, were measured and compared. Cr contamination level is of concern from all surface types in the two cities. Respectively, Cr and Pb pollution in Shanghai were 10 and 14 times greater than the values measured in Bamako industrial area. Zn values of Shanghai were 6.77 and 3 times those of Bamako in industrial and traffic area respectively. Given metals concentration levels and the water quality criteria, treatment is required for Cr from all investigated land-uses of this study and for Pb to all-Shanghai surface types. Likewise, treatment is required for Zn in Shanghai industrial and traffic areas.(7)In addition to those impacts, the policy and the populations' behavior lead to important implications for stormwater runoff management. Then, the results put forward the need for new form of governance facilitating integrated solutions and knowledge partnerships. The study estimated the magnitude of such impacts and demonstrated the enormous potential of using BMPs for monitoring these regional scale environmental processes. Theses measures need to be implemented in conjunction with an integrated water resources environmental management system, involving information dissemination to the public and public education. These results cannot themselves only fill up the blank in the research of NPS pollution of Shanghai and Bamako, they offer however reliable and scientific basis for the urban stormwater runoff pollution control.If the benefits of stormwater runoff can be shown to compare favorably with the benefits of BMPs, this will provide an incentive to overcome other obstacles to widespread adoption of stormwater management. INDEX WORDS: Urban stormwater pollution; land-use and policy implications; best management practices; comparative case studies: Bamako city, Shanghai city.(4)The objective of this dissertation is to develop urban stormwater runoff BMPs and to demonstrate the potential benefits of such practices in urban stormwater runoff quantity and quality control. The basic characters of stormwater NPS pollution are summarized. Major advances in fields of land-use, rainfall/runoff, spatial distribution of contaminants, site assessment and any subsequent risk assessment, application of the new technologies and the management are discussed. The comparative case study of Bamako city (Mali)and Shanghai city (China)included different BMPS and others measurements strategies for urban stormwater runoff. (5)The study was based on the sampling of 4 storm events from roads (traffic, industrial, commercial, residential areas)and from 4 roof materials in Shanghai, versus 1 storm event on roads (traffic, industrial, commercial, residential areas)and from 2 roof materials samples in Bamako as well as the analysis of effective data. The contents of nitrogen, total phosphorus, heavy metals etc. and their spatial/temporal distribution in stormwater runoff are studied and compared. The method of estimating event mean concentration (EMC)is used to calculate the contamination levels from data analysis. Results show that the concentration of pollutants varied strongly among surface types and time. (6)Average EMCs of pollutants such as TP and NH<,4><'+>--N from the two urban catchments can be described and ranked in descending order of magnitude: commercial, traffic, industrial, and residential areas. TP concentration levels for Shanghai city exceeded the fifth class value for surface water guidelines from all surface types and were 4.39; 4.34; 5.81 and 7.1 times those measured in Bamako city. NH<,4><'+>-N pollution in Bamako commercial area is more serious exceeding by 2.38 times the fifth class value for surface water standards of China and 1.36-time concentration from Shanghai commercial area. NO<,3><'->-N and NO<,2><'->-N order of magnitude slightly varies from one to another city. NO<,3><'->--N pollution was a high environmental issue from all surface types of Bamako (e.g. concentrations were 4.94 and 2.79 times the fifth class value of surface water guideline for industrial and commercial areas respectively. Similarly, these valuesUrban stormwater runoff is nonpoint source (NPS)pollution, which remains the nation largest source of water quality problems. Through comparative case studies, this dissertation examines the environmental implications of different urban development, models in different geographical locations and then, studied best management practices (BMPs)benefits for urban stormwater runoff problems, which can be the guideline to protect the urban water bodies and human health. The feasibility, advantages and effectiveness of various stormwater runoff approaches are investigated through urban land-use and surface types. Results show that: (1)The sources of the different contaminants in Shanghai and Bamako are typically common to most urban environments, the contaminants are organic type and the partial pollution is serious. (2)With additional differences between the two cities in terms of demographics, land-use, climate, urban development and existing approaches, substantial differences are noted for pollutant concentration levels and their pattern distribution in each city. (3)The results revealed that stormwater quality is mostly affected by the human activities such as industrial production, traffic transportation, commercial activities, construction works, etc. Higher levels of impervious surfaces like roads, parking lots and rooftops result in higher volume of runoff with higher peak discharge, shorter travel time are generally toxicity organic compounds, sediment, heavy metals. nitrogen, phosphorus and more severe pollutant loadings. Thus, they become the pollution sources, which ultimately declined the water quality and hold a threat to human health. For this reason, it has significantly realistic and scientific meaning to study stormwater runoff BMPs benefits in such busy urban watersheds like Bamako and Shanghai.

目录

论文说明：List of figures and List of tables

声明

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

VITA

By BALLO SLAKA

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

1.2. Problem statement: Urban environmental impacts of stormwater runoff

1.3. Dissertation objectives

1.4. Study overview

1.5. Methodology

1.5.1. Introduction

1.5.2. Available data

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction of stormwater runoff

2.2. The basic controlling factors of urban stormwater runoff

2.3. Sources and pollutants of concern in urban stormwater runoff

2.4. Warm pollution

2.5. Stormwater runoff quality estimation

2.6 Stormwater runoff best management principles

2.7 Advances and prospects of urban stormwater runoff BMPs

CHAPTER THREE: THE TRANSFORMING GEOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREAS

3.1. General characteristics of geographical settings

3.2. Urban land-use change effects on hydrologic cycle

3.3. Urban land-use change implications for best stormwater runoff management

3.4. Management of thermal effect on urban stormwater runoff

CHAPTER FOUR: WATER QUALITY FOR URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

4.1. Background of the study

4.2. Experimental Analysis

4.2.1. Sampling and analytical procedures

4.2.2. Method of estimating stormwater pollutant loads: EMCs

4.3. Variation of TSS and TP concentrations during rain events in Shanghai

4.4. Spatial and temporal variations in EMC of Nitrogen in runoff for different land-use types in Shanghai

4.5. Spatial and temporal variations in EMC of Nitrogen in runoff for different roof materials in Shanghai

4.6. First Flush Effects of urban stormwater runoff in Shanghai

4.7. Managing changes in pH from stormwater runoff

4.8. Comparison in EMCs values for nutrients of Bamako and Shanghai from different land-use types and Best Management practices.

4.9. Comparison in EMCs values for nutrients of Bamako and Shanghai from different roof materials and Best Management practices

4.10. Comparison of heavy metals pollutions and best management practices

4.11. Summary

4.12. Water Quality in the Main Rivers of Shanghai and Bamako

4.13. Rivers nonpoint source pollution control regulations

4.14.Citizen awareness improvement

4.15. Use of buffer forest strips

4.16. Commercial and industrial illicit discharges Controls

4.17. Others control strategies safeguarding stormwater quality

4.18. Stormwater runoff retrofit BMPs

CHAPTER FIVE: POLICY AND GOVERNANCE ANALYSIS

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Best urban stormwater runoff management plan

5.3. The study approach for a new institutional study

5.4. A case study: Implementation of urban stormwater runoff and best management practices in Bamako city context

5.4.1. Current state of urban stormwater quantity management

5.4.2. Current state of urban stormwater quality management

5.4.3. stormwater runoff sustainability

5.4.4. Institutionalization and summary of best stormwater approahes

5.5. pollution control policy

5.5.1. Planning of stormwater management with decision-making process

5.5.2. Public participation in pollution control

5.5.3. Integrated techniques for urban stormwater runoff control

5.6. The Role of specific policy instruments in industrial and commercial developments

5.7. Residential stormwater quality management

5.8. Public education information on nonpoint source pollutions

CHAPTER SIX: CLOSING COMMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Reference