Some aspects of biology,molecular Phylogeography and maximum sustainable yield estimates of genus Pampus (Family Stromateidae)

摘要

In this study, phylogeographic patterns, genetic diversities, population structure, demographic history and population dynamics andhistorical evolution of Pampus argenteus, Pampus chinesis, Pampus minor, Pampus echinogaster, Pampus cinereious and Pampus punctatissimus inthe Chinese coastal waters, Pakistan and Kuwait coastal waters were analyzed on the basis of mitochondrial DNA marker. The phylogeographicpatterns, genetic diversities and population structures of the six marine fishes were carried out and the population dynamics of historicalevolution were also reconstructed in the present studies.
　　1)Morphometric measurements length-weight relationship and relative condition factor in silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus was sampledduring July 2010 to November 2011 in Pakistan. In the samples standard length (SL) was ranged 6.8-21. 8 cm and total weight 9.4-450 g wasregistered. In length-weigh relationship exponent b=3.51 value indicated that the fish growth is positive allometric. The coefficient ofdetermination R2=0.96 values showed a strong correlation between the variables. The relative condition factor Kn were characterized ineight size classes. The mean condition factor (Kn) values range 0.75-1.15, highest Kn was observed within the fishes which belongs to thesize classes 12.0-13.9 cm whereas fishes in the size class of 20.0-21.9 cm possess lowest (0.75) Kn values. The t-test values were 9.102 (P<0.0001). Our findings shall pave a way for baseline information about an important fish species from the area and are similar to thosereported from its distribution.
　　2)The present study was aimed to examine genetic variation between Pampus argenteus and Pampus chinesis sampled periodically from 2010 toMarch 2011 in the coastal watersof Pakistan. Both of the species were identified using DNA barcoding technique. The estimated mean haplotype diversity and nucleotidediversity were 0.67-0.98 and 0.002-0.014 in P.argenteus whereas 0.25-0.89 and 0.0015-0.0084 in P.chinesis. Simultaneously we also usedpartial sequences of mtDNA control region (CR) and the cytochrome b (Cytb) to identify and determine the variation among both of the species.On the basis of the results achieved, from the results it is clearly shown that the intra-species variations subsequently less than that ofinter-species and COI fragment of the mtDNA the most powerful sequence based approach used in identifying the fish species with the highlevel of accuracy.
　　3)Genetic diversity and population structure of the Pampus echinogaster in Dongying, Qingdao, Zhoushan and Wenzhou and Nantong wereinvestigated in this study. In total 122 sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region fragment of P. echinogaster were used for thisanalysis and defined 33 haplotypes. Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity are 0.791 ±0.037 and 0.004±0.0027 respectively.Average nucleotide compositions showed high values of A+T base content (68.9％) as compare to G+C base content (31.1%). Percentage ofvariation among populations was 0.23 whereas within populations was calculated 99.77%. AMOVA and conventional population FST showed nosignificant genetic differentiation throughout the sampling range (FST=0.00231). Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analysis wereused to examine demographic history of P. echinogaster, which indicated a late Pleistocene population expansion at about 26,000-53,000years ago.
　　4)Population genetic structure of Pampus argenteus from China, Kuwait and Pakistan waters was determined by using the mtDNA controlregion sequences analysis. High levels of haplotypic diversity (h=0.92±0.017, mean±standard deviation) and lownucleotide diversity (n=0.012±0.006) indicative that population bottleneck followed by quick population growth and increase of mutationThe mismatch analysis shaped a unimodal distribution of pairwise differences consistent with the sudden population expansion model. Thiselucidation was also supported by the low levels of Harpending's raggedness index and P values of SSD (Harpending, 1994). The value of ι was12.24 , and the time since population expansion was estimated to be approximately 132,000-264,000 years before present (during the laterPleistocene) applied mutation rates mentioned above for the control region.
　　5)Mitochondrial DNA control region of genus Pampus were amplified to study the structure of the studied Pampus species. mtDNA controlregion of the genus consisted of three domains, terminal associated sequence domain, the central conserved sequence domain and the conservedsequence block domain. The extended terminal associated sequences (ETAS), three central conserved sequence blocks CSB-F, CSB-E, CSB-D andthree conserved sequence blocks CSB1, CSB2 and CSB3, were identified into the conserved sequence block domain. Two TASs and two cTASs aredetected in the species as well as CSB-F, CSB-E, CSB-D, CSB1, CSB2 and CSB3. The results indicate that the structures of these parts aresimilar with most marine fishes. All the sequences of CSB1, CSB2 and CSB3 blocks are the consensus among different individuals, which isquite different from most vertebrates. In addition, COI and Cytb gene fragments are used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of Pampusspecies. The phylogenetic trees show a lack of genetic structure among individuals.
　　Six Pampus species, P. minor, P. echinogaster, P. chinensis, P. cinereus, P. argenteus and P. punctatissimus were identified. The geneticdistance of intraspecies ranged from 0.04 to 0.2, based on Cytb sequences data analysis. For COI sequence dataanalysis, the genetic distance of intraspecies ranged from 0.01 to 0.16. Phylogenetic trees showed that all Pampus fishes reciprocallyconstituted a monophyletic group with strong support. According to the Pampus systematic of Liu et al, (1999, 2002) and results of Cui et al,(2009), the Pampus was divided into five species and, we strongly disagree with both of the scientists because our study confirmed that thePampus fishes should be divided into six distinct species P. argenteus, P. chinesis, P. cinereous, P. minor, P. punctatissimus and P.echinogaster.
　　6)We assessed some key management parameters of the Pampus argenteus such as maximum sustainable yield (MSY) based on the time seriescatch and effort data from 1989 to 2009 in Pakistan. Three surplus production models (SPMs) and three model error assumptions estimated byCEDA computer programme and two SPMs were estimated with ASPIC package. Estimated biological reference point (e.g. MSY) with ASPIC are Foxmodel 5525 mt and fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield FMsy=1619, the coefficient of variation of estimated MSY was 1.0 andcoefficient of determination R2=0.58 and the catch ability coefficient q=0.00077 were estimated. The logistic model out puts are MSY=94940 mt and fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield FMsy=6290, estimated CV (1.0) of the MSY and coefficient of determination R2=0.55. Three surplus production models of Schaefer, Fox and Pella-Tomlinson and model error assumption of normal, log normal and gamma werealso estimated using CEDA package are Fox model MSY=3841 (R2=0.63) and Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson estimates were 3800 (R2=0.61) boththe models produced similar MSY results. It seems that MSY estimated from the Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson model were conservative than theFox model which indicates a better fit. Moreover, values of coefficient of determination R2 showed appropriation of the model. From the CEDAanalysis some outliers wereidentified and these were in 1986, 2002 and 2009. On the basis of the outputs estimated with the ASPIC package appeared higher than theannual landings and seems non-conservativ.

目录

封面

声明

中文摘要

英文摘要

目录

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Tendency in molecular phylogeography

1.2.0 Applications of Mitochondrial DNA in Population Genetic Studies

1.3.0 Taxonomy of the genus Pampus

1.4. Morphometric growth indices

1.5 Stock assessment and management

1.6 AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor \(Kn\) of silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus in Pakistani waters

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Materials Methods

2.3 Results

2.4 Discussion

CHAPTER THREE Genetic identification of two species of genus Pampus in Pakistan using DNA barcoding technique

3.1 Introduction

3.2. Materials and Methods

3.3. Results

3.4 Discussion

CHAPTER FOUR Genetic diversity and population structure of Pampus echinogaster populations based on mtDNA control region sequence analysis.

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Materials and Methods

4.3 Results

4.4 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE Population genetic structure and demographic history of Pampus argenteus based on mtDNA control region sequences analysis from East China Sea and Arabian Sea.

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Materials and Methods

5.3 Results

CHAPTER SIX Structure analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic relationship among Pampus species.

6.1 Introduction

6.2Materials and methods

6.3 Results

6.4 Discussion

CHAPTER SEVEN Maximum Sustainable Yield Estimates of Silver Pomfret, Pampus argenteus \(Family:Stromateidae\) Fishery in Pakistan.

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Materials and Methods

7.3 Results

7.4 Discussion

CHAPTER EIGHT DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

参考文献

致谢

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS