儿童交际意图实现的语用策略研究

摘要

交际意图是交际者通过社会交际要达到的目的，或要获得的结果。在儿童日常生活交流中对实现交际意图的语用策略的习得与掌握是儿童使用语言成熟的标志。
　　本课题运用文献资料分析法、调查法、观察法、数理统计法，对来自本语言研究小组长期跟踪调查的两名说汉语儿童MHR(01;03;26-04;11;25)和ZHZ(01;03;25-04;11;26)，以及对来自Brown语料库的两名说英语儿童ADA(02;03;04-04;10;00)和SAR(02;03;05-04;10;27)的语料进行研究分析，旨在考察儿童表达交际意图策略的使用情况及策略特点，并比较分析说汉语儿童和说英语儿童使用表达交际意图语用策略的异同及原因。
　　研究结果表明:(1)直接表达语用策略是说汉语儿童掌握最早、使用最多的策略;疑问语用策略是说英语儿童使用最多的语用策略。(2)男孩女孩使用语用策略有各自特点，男孩擅长使用疑问、提议、请求语用策略;女孩擅长使用委婉语策略。(3)MHR、ZHZ和SAR使用策略总量在4岁到4岁半这一年龄阶段达到最高值;ADA使用策略总量在3岁半到4岁半这一年龄阶段达到最高值。(4)认知因素、个体偏向性、语言和语言环境等因素影响儿童语用策略使用。(5)文化差异、语言复杂性、教育理念差异和惯用法差异等是造成英汉儿童使用语用策略差异的原因。

目录

声明

摘要

ABSTRACT

Index to Figures

Index to Tables

Abbreviations

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Literature Review

1．1．1 Current Situations Abroad

1．1．2 Current Situations in China

1．2 Studies on Communicative Intentions

1．2．1 Studies Based on Theory of Conversational Implicature

1．2．2 Studies Based on Relevance Theory

1．2．3 Studies Based on the Speech Act Theory

1．3 An Overview of Studies on Children’s Pragmatic Strategies in Achieving Their Communicative Intentions

1．4 ClassifiCation of-Pragmatic Strategies to Achieve Communicative Intentions

1．5 Summary

Chapter 2 A Longitudinal Study of Mandarin-speaking Children’s Developing Process in Achieving Communicative Intentions

2．1 Subjects and Methods

2．2 Data Collection and Selection

2．3 Results and Discussion

2．3．1 Results

2．3．2 Discussion

2．4 An Analysis of Characteristics of Pragmatic Strategies Children Used in Achieving Communicative Intentions

2．4．1 Direct Expression Pragmatic Strategy

2．4．2 Doubting Strategy

2．4．3 Repetition Strategy

2．4．4 Proposal Strategy

2．4．5 Explanation Strategy

2．4．6 Euphemism Strategy

2．4．7 Threatening Strategy

2．4．8 Condition Exchange Strategy

2．4．9 Request Strategy

2．5 Factors Affecting Children’s Use of Pragmatic Strategies in Achieving Communicative Intentions

2．5．1 Cognitive Factors

2．5．2 Individual Preference

2．5．3 Language Factors

2．5．4 Language Environment

2．6 Summary

Chapter 3 An Analysis of English-speaking Children’s Use of Pragmatic Strategies in Achieving Communicative Intentions

3．1 Subjects，Methods and Data sort-up

3．2 Results and Discussion

3．2．1 Results

3．2．2 Discussion

3．3 An Analysis of Characteristics of Pragmatic Strategies Children Used in Achieving Communicative Intentions

3．3．1 Direct Expression Pragmatic Strategy

3．3．2 Doubting Strategy

3．3．3 Repetition Strategy

3．3．4 Proposal Strategy

3．3．5 Explanation Strategy

3．3．6 Euphemism Strategy

3．3．7 Request Strategy

3．4 Summary

Chapter 4 AComparative Analysis of English and Mandarin-speaking Children’s Pragmatic Strategies in Achieving the Communicative Intentions

4．2 A Comparison of the Highest Usage Frequency，Tokens and Proportions of the Four Target Children’s Pragmatic Strategies Used in Achieving Communicative Intentions

4．3 A Comparison of Developing Tendency of Children’s Pragmatic Strategies Used in Achieving the Communicative Intentions

4．4 Similarities and Differences in Mandarin-speaking and English-speaking Children’s use of Pragmatic Strategies in Achieving Communicative Intentions

4．4．1 Similarities and Differences in Request Pragmatic Strategy

4．4．2 Similarities and Differences in Euphemism Pragmatic Strategy

4．4．3 Similarities and Differences in Repetition Pragmatic Strategy

4．4．4 Similarities and Differences in Doubting Pragmatic Strategy

4．4．5 Similarities and Differences in Proposal Pragmatic Strategy

4．5 Causes for Differences in Mandarin-speaking and English-speaking Children’s Use of Pragmatic Strategies in Achieving Communicative Intentions

4．5．1 Cultural Differences

4．5．2 Linguistic Complexity

4．5．3 Educational Ideas Differences

4．5．4 Conventional Expression Differences

4．6 Summary

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

Appendix

Sample of Transcription