Dynamic loads on underground structures, such as tunnels, may be caused by blasting during nearby construction work or bomb detonations on the surface above e.g. a rock shelter. These loads give rise to vibrations that propagate as stress waves through the rock, possibly causing damage to structures and instlalations or even causing fragments or pieces of rock to be thrown out from the rock surface. A common and important energy absorbing component in rock support is steel rock bolts.
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