Neuromodulation is considered a key factor for learning and memory in biological neural networks. Similarly, artificial neural networks could benefit from modulatory dynamics when facing certain types of learning problem. Here we test this hypothesis by introducing modulatory neurons to enhance or dampen neural plasticity at target neural nodes. Simulated evolution is employed to design neural control networks for T-maze learning problems, using both standard and modulatory neurons. The results show that experiments where modulatory neurons are enabled achieve better learning in comparison to those where modulatory neurons are disabled. We conclude that modulatory neurons evolve autonomously in the proposed learning tasks, allowing for increased learning and memory capabilities.
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