Kamien Pomorski-Health Resort on the Waterfront-Transformations of the Public Space of the Town after 1945'

摘要

Diversity of urban structures in Europe has its sources in cultural distinctness of different regions,in different pace of their development over millennia.Methods of designing towns in subsequent urbanisation periods differed.Nevertheless,frequently older structures were adapted to new needs.The question concerning the ideal of the European city remains open-is impossible to define one dominating spatial model encountered everywhere,despite attempts of ancient powers(Imperium Romanum),and by 20th-century totalitarian systems.The latter largely contributed to interruption of continuity of cities’historical development,especially in Central and Eastern Europe.Warfare and scale of destruction of the spatial/social structure in many cities in 1939-1945 were unprecedented in the European history.Examples of metropolises practically wiped off from the face of the earth,like Warsaw or Dresden,are common knowledge.This fate was shared by many other towns,especially in the Polish-German borderland.Their reconstruction after the war caused complete transformation of their urban/social structure.The study focuses on Kamien Pomorski,situated on a headland at Kamienski Lake,separated from the Baltic Sea by Wolin island.Before the war it was one of the nicest port towns in Pomerania,with history reaching back to the early Polish state and the clash of Slavic,Scandinavian,and German-influences.The town,an episcopal see,bloomed in the medieval and modern times under the Pomeranian,Brandenburgian,and German rule.At the end of the WWII the centre was ruined over several days.Some religious and secular buildings survived.Traditional economic foundations of the local population,moulded for centuries,and the corresponding port structure,were nearly completely destroyed.Almost complete replacement of the local community,not fully grasping the local spatial,natural and landscape conditions,was connected with introduction of centrally planned socialist economy.The town changed its character,despite maintaining and developing some of its previous functions(e.g.health resort).Kamien Pomorski was reconstructed in forms not corresponding to traditional ones(prefabricated blocks of flats),although respecting previous transport/urban layout,which is an advantage.There were attempts to restore the most important preserved monuments-cathedral,town hall,several sections of city walls.In time these efforts brought the expected effect.In recent years several investments were implemented,referring to historical spatial layouts,following the rules of retroversion and revealing some relics.The port function was restored-predominantly as a recreational yacht and water sports marina,popular in high season.Some waterfront boulevards were renovated.Promenades are being built,the spa park is to be revitalised.To conclude,it should be stated that improvement of public spaces is observable in Kamien Pomorski,just like in its green areas and waterfront edge.Renovations of pre-war tenements and villas and growing abundance of services activating the public domain cannot be disregarded.It seems that despite enormous war destructions,which changed the appearance of the town forever,after many decades Kamien Pomorski has become vivid again.