OPTIMIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT USING EXTERNALITY COSTS

摘要

Economic and environmental impacts associated with solid waste management (SWM) systems should be considered to ensure sustainability of such systems. Societal life cycle costing (S-LCC) can be used for this purpose since it includes "budget costs" and "externality costs." While budget costs represent market goods and services in monetary terms, i.e. economic impacts, externality costs include effects outside the economic system such as environmental impacts (translated in monetary terms). Numerous models have been developed to determine the environmental and economic impacts associated with SWM systems (e.g., EASETECH) by using "what-if" scenario analyses. While these models are an essential foundation that enables a systematic integrated analysis of SWM systems, they do not provide information about the overall optimal solution as done with optimization models such as SWOLF. This study represents the first attempt to optimize SWM systems using externality costs in SWOLF. The assessment identifies the waste strategy that minimizes externality costs and other criteria (budget costs and landfilling) for a specific case study. The latter represents a hypothetical U.S. county with annual waste generation of 320,000 Mg. The externality cost includes the damage costs of fossil CO_2, CH_4, N_2O, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), NO_x, SO_2, VOC, CO, NH_3, CO, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr (VI), Ni, As, and dioxins.