Because of the fully accessible and highly tunable active species, the homogeneous catalysts have important advantages in catalytic activity and selectivity over the heterogeneous catalysts. Nevertheless, the heterogeneous catalysts are more desirable for industrial applications owing to the convenience of recovering and recycling of the catalysts. To solve this problem, the strategies such as supporting homogenenous catalysts have been developed, but their catalytic properties cannot compare with those of homogeneous catalysts.
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