The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is composed of dye-loaded nanocrystalline TiO2 film as the working electrode, a Pt-coated conductive glass as the counter electrode, and a redox couple I~-/I3~-based electrolyte. Although the highest power conversion efficiency has been achieved using a volatile organic liquid electrolyte, DSSCs containing liquid electrolyte are limited for outdoor applications in view of the need for robust encapsulation of the volatile organic liquid. For this reason, considerable efforts have been made to replace the liquid electrolyte with solid-state electrolytes.
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