Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are attractive portable electrochemical power sources due to their high cell voltage, high energy density, and excellent cycle life. The traditional graphite anode of LIBs, with a theoretical specific capacity of 372 mAh g~(-1) , exhibits chemical stability, low irreversible capacity loss, and low cost [1-3]. However, group IV materials, such as Si and Ge, have recently attracted a lot of attention for high capacity applications, as they can accommodate as much as 4.4 Li ~+ per formula unit [4-6], exhibiting high theoretical capacities of ~4130 mAh g~(-1) (Si) [7,8] and ~1624 mAh g-1 (Ge) [9-11]. Unfortunately, this process can induce volume changes of up to 400%, resulting in mechanical stress which can cause cracking and pulverization of the Ge electrodes, leading to capacity fading and poor cycle life [2,3,12].
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机译：锂离子电池（LIB）由于其高电池电压，高能量密度和优异的循环寿命，是有吸引力的便携式电化学电源。 Libs的传统石墨阳极，具有372mAhg〜（-1）的理论特异性容量，表现出化学稳定性，低不可逆转的容量损失，低成本[1-3]。但是，SI和GE等IV族材料最近吸引了大量关注的高容量应用，因为它们可以容纳多达4.4 LI〜+每公式单元[4-6]，表现出高理论能力〜 4130 mah g〜（-1）（si）[7,8]和〜1624 mah g-1（ge）[9-11]。不幸的是，该过程可以诱导高达400％的体积变化，导致机械应力，这可能导致GE电极的裂缝和粉碎，导致容量衰落和较差的循环寿命[2,3,12]。
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