The large-scale practical application of fuel cells and metal-air batteries will be fully realized if the expensive platinum-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) can be replaced by other efficient, low-cost, and stable materials. Recently, nitrogen-doped graphenes exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic activities, comparable to that of the commercially available platinum catalysts for ORR in fuel cells. Moreover, nitrogen-doped graphenes have a long-term operation stability and tolerance to crossover effect.
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