Sprayed and seed dressed pesticides in pollen, nectar and honey of oilseed rape

摘要

Oilseed rape is almost exclusively produced as an intense cultivation. Seeds are treated before sowing with systemic insecticides, nowadays primarily with neonicotinoids. In the blooming period, sprays against fungi (Sclerotinia sclero) or pests (e.g.Ceutorhynchus assimilis) with different non hazardous pesticides are common. These substances are known to reach pollen and nectar. Contaminants in food sources are actually discussed as sublethal factors influencing colony health. Residues are adversefor the image of honey.