For 45 years, flat-flame sampling for molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) has been the most comprehensive experimental technique for mapping composition data in flames. The method has been dramatically advanced by development of single-photon, vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization from a synchrotron source, allowing species mass and precisely measured ionization energy to be used to identify and quantify a wide range of species sampled axially through a flat flame. Many intermediates have been identified for the first time, and species concentration profiles provide insight into pathways directly and as a basis for testing of modeling predictions. This paper surveys the resulting body of data.
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