Municipal Wastewater Ozonation Practice in the United States: Past, Present, and Future

摘要

Ozone has been used in U.S. municipal wastewater treatment at least since the early 1970s, with installations at 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 1980 and 45 in 1989. Only four new ozone facilities were installed at WWTPs between 1989 and 1999, apparently due to cost considerations. As of June 2007 there are seven operating WWTPs using ozone, with two systems currently converting back toozone from chlorine and scheduled to resume using ozone in 2008, and a third, under design, scheduled to start up in 2009. Concern over emerging contaminants such as endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals is renewing interest in ozone for oxidation and disinfection of wastewaters in reuse applications.