CONTROL OF URBAN RUNOFF STORMWATER DISCHARGE TO RECEIVING WATERS USING OFF-LINE STORAGE

摘要

Since the 1970s, many studies of storm water quality have been carried out all over the world proving that concentrations of pollutants in stormwater runoff can exert negative impacts, both acute and chronic, on receiving waters. During the last thirty years, several programs gathered and analysed a significant quantity of data on the quality of wet weather flow discharges permitting the creation of useful databases. In the United States, runoff quality studies were conducted under the USEPA Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) [1] between 1978 and 1983, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) activities, and in the monitoring program required under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). In Europe, the most comprehensive database is the QASTOR database [2], which includes data collected in France since 1970 in several catchments. In Italy, for the time being, there is not yet a uniform and methodical database, although several experimental catchments, such as Picchianti (Livorno) [3] served by separate sewers, or Cascina Scala (Pavia) [4, 5], Fossolo (Bologna) [6, 7], Parco D'Orleans (Palermo) [8] served by combined sewers, are still being monitored.