Factors affecting wind energy development in Mediterranean Countries

摘要

The objective of this paper is to analyse the multiple factors involved in the success of wind energy development in three Mediterranean countries: Spain, Portugal and Italy. These countries present different wind development status. Spain has reached the second position in Europe and the third at world level with 4830 MW of wind capacity by the end of 2002. Italy hit 785 MW and Portugal has 194 MW of grid connected wind power. The Spanish wind experience could be useful for the rest of Mediterranean countries. Inside Spain, not all regions have developed wind energy in the same way, but several characteristics have been quite common. The mandatory "Regional Wind Plans", together with the creation of regional industries have demonstrated good results. On the other hand, the previous territorial planning of the wind resource, excluding high environmental value areas has also been satisfactory. There is a wide consensus about the external factors that negatively affect the wind energy development. Problems about the weakness of grid, the need to clarify the cost distribution of grid improvements between utilities and developers and lengthy planning procedures and permits are recognised as important barriers. Public acceptance has been changing depending on the number of wind farms installed. Anyhow, results of public opinion surveys still show a clear support to wind energy. Appropriate policy support for renewable energies and financial incentives are clearly perceived as essential. Favourable tariff system is one of the best ways to promote this kind of energy.