A PROCEDURE FOR GATHERING EXPERIENCE FROM PRACTICING ENGINEERS IN ORDER TO TEACH EXPERIENCE IN THE CLASSROOM

摘要

Helping students transition from novice to expert requires imparting some level of experience. In order to teach experience in the undergraduate classroom, the instructor must have a record of that experience. For the purposes of this discussion, "experience" and "knowledge" have the same meaning. In some cases, that experience has been recorded in books and journals. Books and journals, however, often focus on low- to mid-level cognitive skills: knowledge, comprehension, application, and analysis. Thus, the experience that forms the basis of high-level cognitive skills, synthesis and evaluation, often exists only in the memories of practicing engineers. Therefore, in order to teach how practicing engineers have transitioned from novice to expert, instructors might need to gather experience directly from the practitioners. It is important to note that much of the cognitive psychology literature focuses on obtaining information on how experts choose which experience or knowledge to use to make a decision (decision making). That is different from the techniques used to obtain the experiences as data (knowledge). Techniques for obtaining experiences include case study, critical incident, and question-and-answer. Each technique has advantages and limitations which are discussed. The authors have used all three techniques in interviews with practicing structural engineers to elicit the tools used to evaluate the reasonableness of analysis and design results. Of the techniques, critical incident proved to be the most effective for eliciting this type of information. Interviews with 35 practicing structural engineers resulted in 67 specific incidents of errors discovered. Using the question-and-answer technique with the 35 engineers resulted in just 20 tools for evaluating results. This paper presents a detailed description of how the critical incident technique was implemented along with guidelines for adapting the technique for use by other researchers.