A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UTILIZATION OF HUMAN AND ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS (HOF) IN THE DESIGN OF MILITARY AND COMMERCIAL SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES IN THE UNITED STATES

摘要

This paper provides a brief history of the inclusion of Human and Organizational Factors (HOF) in the design, construction, and operation of military and commercial ships and offshore structures in the U.S. beginning with the initial Navy activities in HOF in the mid 1940s. The paper describes how the traditional emphasis on hardware design associated with the Human Factors Engineering (HFE) discipline expanded into a broader field (called HOF) and defines eight sub-elements that make up the HOF discipline. Specific projects, representing milestones in the utilization of HOF for both the U.S. military and commercial maritime industry, are described. Finally, the paper offers some examples of the utilization of HOF in the commercial marine world such as cruise ship safety, and offshore oil platform design and operation.