Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive method for viewing intra-abdominal structures including the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, urinary bladder, prostate, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, part of the jejunum, cecum, descending colon, uterus, ovaries, vas deferens, adrenal glands, lymph nodes and peritoneal surfaces. Advantages of laparoscopy when compared to exploratory surgery are lower morbidity and mortality due to minimal trauma and greatly reduced procedure time. Laparoscopy allows direct visualization of lesions and organs for gross diagnosis and for biopsy under visual control to insure accuracy and minimize trauma. Disadvantages of this technique are costs of instrumentation and the difficulty of achieving complete examination of the abdomen. The second disadvantage may be overcome by using multiple portals and multiple patient positions.
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