Value Added Bioceramics: A Review of the Developments and Progress in India

摘要

The development of the calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) using natural materials such as coral, eggshell, bovine bone, fish bone etc., from Indian origin have been reviewed. The CPCs from natural sources has the benefit that they inherit some of the properties of the raw materials such as the macro- and micro-pore structure, optimal composition, similar morphology etc., as well as the advantage of unlimited world wide availability at a very low raw material cost. Hydroxyapatite (HA), carbonated HA and fluorapatite from natural coral genus "Goniopora" has been obtained. Growth factor loaded coralline HA has been found to significantly accelerate early-stage bone formation in in vivo rabbit model studies. Sea shells have been tested as the source of calcium for electrochemical deposition of HA on titanium implants. Deproteinized hydroxyl carbonate apatite phase was formed by heating adult bovine tibia at 500° C. As eggshell could be easily procured, a great deal of effort has been made to utilize this resource as value-added CPCs including nanocrystalline HA (OHA), calcium deficient HA (CDHA), TCP, tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) etc., which are the most widely used bone substitutes. Also OHA showed higher antibiotic delivery and more controlled protein release profile compared to the synthetic apatites. Eggshell derived CPCs were also found to have minor amount of Mg, Sr, Si and Na ions inherited from the eggshell. As these ions are crucial for bio-mineralization of eggshell, the influence of multi-ions substituted CPCs as a potential bioceramic for bone regenerative applications has been emphasised.