The current increase in the number of available satellites from different constellations as well as in the number of satellites emitting signals at multiple frequency bands is promising to strongly increase the positioning performance of satellite navigation receivers. Such improvement is for instance due to the possibility to use dual frequency corrections for the ionospheric effects. Dual frequency multi constellation (DFMC) systems are hence currently being deployed worldwide for different applications. In the aeronautical field, a standardization effort for DFMC navigation systems is currently being coordinated by RTCA, with the aim to define the minimum operational performance specifications (MOPS) of future avionic systems. In such framework, antennas assume a central role: on the one hand, the impact of antenna imperfections on the overall pseudorange error will become more relevant with DFMC systems. This is due to the minimization of other error terms, such as the ionospheric one, thanks to multi-frequency processing. Such contribution needs therefore to be properly characterized. On the other hand, antenna characteristics impact the multipath error at the receiver, which is due to the multipath susceptibility of the antenna itself: such contribution also needs to be further investigated and when possible, modelled.
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