Mortality and Response to Fluid Resuscitation after Acute Blood Loss in Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

摘要

Acute hemorrhagic shock is a syndrome resulting from depression of many functions, but in which the reduction of the circulating volume is of basic importance, and in which impairment of the circulation steadily progresses until it eventuates into a state of irreversible circulatory failure.J This definition of hemorrhagic shock originated a hundred years ago and remains valid today with the important exception of cases whose outcome is optimized by fluid resuscitation. The most common causes of blood loss in birds include traumatic injury and hemorrhagic lesions of internal organs, such as ulcerated neoplasms and proventricular/ventricular ulcerations. Significant blood loss can also occur during surgical procedures. Heavy infestation with blood-sucking ectoparasites, gastrointestinal parasitism, or coagulopathies associated with toxicities or severe liver disease are less common causes of blood loss anemia in birds.