Indications for radiographic examination of the extremities include trauma, congenital defects, and developmental, metabolic, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disease. Recognition of pathology radiographically is limited to bone production orloss. Many diseases only result in minor changes in the bone structure and opacity/Therefore, high-quality images using "fine" or "detail" film-screen systems are necessary. Images should be performed in sedated or anesthetized dogs to avoid lack of sharpness due to motion and for radiation-protection reasons (to reduce exposure of the personnel, since the limbs do not have to be held). Furthermore, proper positioning is obtained when performed under anesthesia. This is critical for proper analysis. Grids are only used for objects greater than 10 cm thick. In young patients, radiographs should be performed bilaterally in many instances for comparison of the growth plates, which may have a complex radiographic appearance and may be difficult to analyze.Radiographs of the joints should include the long bone above and below the joint. Examination of the long bones should include the joint above and below. All regions should be examined with a minimum of two orthogonal views. Stress views in flexion, extension, supination, or pronation may be required for assessment of joint laxity or for better visualization of joint surfaces. The soft tissues must be examined in any radiograph of the skeletal system.
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