Aiming at new cost-effective, high performance catalyst for low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), partial or complete replacement of Pt metal has been under great effort by many research groups, due to the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid media (1). There have so far been proposed several kinds of Pt-free catalysts which have shown remarkable catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction, such as oxides (2) carbonized catalase (3) Pd-, Ir- Ru-based alloy catalysts (3-6), pyrolyzed macrocyclic compounds (7,8) and non-precious catalysts (9).
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