Abstract: Data-fused panoramic displays are currently beingdeveloped to provide decision support to militarypilots in air-to-air combat environments. This paperreports the findings from a series of studies conductedusing simulated data-fused explanatory displays. Thedisplays provided explanations, rather than advice, inan endeavor to keep the pilot in the decision loopwhile improving the accuracy and/or speed of hismission-critical decisions. In addition to the basicdisplay of the threat type, speed and direction (thecontrol condition), three forms of explanatory displayswere presented: text only, graphics only, and text andgraphics (redundant). These displays providedinformation regarding the hostile aircraft's missileengagement zones and success envelopes. For effectivehuman-system interaction, an appropriate level ofoperator trust is required. A critical determinant oftrust is the transparency of the system interface,which should allow the operator to assess the system'saccuracy. Two experiments were conducted to investigatethe issues of trust and transparency of the differentdisplay formats used in the decision support system.Participants were asked to identify the highest threatposed by three hostile aircraft in an air combatscenario in the first experiment, and to assess whetherexplanations generated for a single hostile aircraftwere correct or incorrect in the second. The scenarios,which were designed to present real-world decisiontasks, were developed through discussions with RAFaircrew. Low trust was found to have a negative impacton decision-making and situational awareness, withsubjects in the low trust condition making fewercorrect decisions and reporting lower levels ofsubjective situational awareness than subjects in thehigh trust condition. Decision-making with low trustwas particularly impaired in the test only condition.Poorer memory for hostile aircraft was observed whereexplanations were provided, compared to the controlcondition, in which no explanations were provided. Theinability of subjects to identify erroneous texturalexplanations suggested a lack of transparency in thetextual explanations. These results are discussed withregard to the implications of the different displayformats for decision-making and situational awarenesswith data- fused cockpit displays.!7
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