A comparison of two methods for ecologic classification of radon exposure in British Columbia: residential observations and the radon potential map of Canada

摘要

Background: Radon is a colourless, odourless, naturally-occurring radioactive gas that causes lung cancer. Few epidemiologic studies of radon exposure have been performed in Canada; studies with ecologic exposure assessment may provide some advantages. Aims: To compare ecologic classification of radon exposure from observed residential concentrations in BC with classifications based on a map that shows geological radon potential, with particular attention to high-smoking populations. Methods: First, residential radon measurements from four health agencies were used to classify 74 local health areas (LHAs) as low, moderate, or high exposure based on the number of homes with concentrations greater than the Health Canada action guidelines of 200 and 600 Bq/m3. Second, the Zone 1 (high), Zone 2 (elevated), and Zone 3 (guarded) risk categories of the radon potential map of Canada were used to make the same exposure classifications based on the population-weighted area of each zone in each LHA. Agreement was compared and quantified. Average smoking rates in each LHA were used to further assess agreement for smokers, who are a high risk group. Results: Both methods showed a range of exposures across LHAs. The radon potential map classified more areas as high exposure than the observed radon concentrations, and the methods agreed in 30 of 74 LHAs. The radon potential map identified much of the southern coastal region as high exposure, but 617 of the 621 observed concentrations were ＜200 Bq/m3, and no observations were ＞600 Bq/m3. An estimated 36% of the BC population and 35% of BC smokers live the southern coastal region. Conclusions: The radon potential map of Canada may communicate potential radon risk, but it was not designed for epidemiologic exposure assessment. Overall, the potential map classified 34 LHAs as higher than observed, and 10 LHAs as lower than observed. The potential map should only be used to inform exposure assessment in conjunction with observed radon concentrations.