While ND vaccine administrated via both IM route and SC route were both well-tolerated, the SC route of vaccination elicited stronger antigen-specific T cell responses, which may be attributed to the enhanced lymph node draining of ND after SC vaccination. Co-delivery of MPLA and CpG by ND significantly improved humoral and cellular immune responses. Overall, our results demonstrate that ND is a safe, versatile, and effective vaccine system for cancer immunotherapy.
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