In recent decades, the global nuclear export market has observed a marked shift of demand from the traditional customers in the Western world to the Asian countries, especially China, India, or nuclear newcomers like the United Arab Emirates. The lack of new projects in the U.S., the delay in the French construction of Generation-IV reactors, and the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan have also led to the decrease in industrial and financial capabilities of the once-dominant nuclear suppliers from these countries. Instead, China will likely become a major player in the civil nuclear export market due to its close connection with nuclear newcomers in term of economic transactions, arms trade, and its lack of political animosity with some potential customers. On the other hand, the relative contribution of China to the IAEA safeguards budget remains the lowest among other major nuclear exporters like the U.S., Canada, France, Russia, Japan, or even South Korea. This is especially troubling given the fact that the most potential customers of China are newcomer states, mostly from in Asia or Africa, who do not have experiences in nuclear security and safeguards of major nuclear facility like nuclear power plant, and thus create additional burden for IAEA, budget-wise and manpower-wise. In this paper, the nonproliferation and security risks caused by the introduction of nuclear power by suppliers and to recipients with lesser governance capabilities are discussed, with focus on their implementation of safeguards and export control measures. To address this issue, a new contribution scheme for the IAEA safeguards and an enhanced participation to the nonproliferation and export control regime are proposed to reflect the potentials of the "old" and the "new" nuclear exporters in the market, as well as the rise of new customers.
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机译:iExport Australia-为出口商提供以下服务的在线平台/应用程序:出口电子商务出口拍卖在线与服务提供商进行出口相关的服务请求和投标与服务提供商的集成与货运和货运的报价集成到政府机构和海关/边境的在线文件和电子提交澳大利亚– EDI / Web Services与GS1集成在一起,用于对出口工作台进行编号和条形码编码,以管理每个出口的所有与出口,交货和银行有关的任务出口相关的潜在客户和联系人管理出口市场AI和工具