A growing number of scholars have suggested that gestural communication may have been especially important in the early stages of language origins. Of special interest in this debate is the communication of other primates, especially those most closely related to humans, the great apes. The aim of this talk is to explore the interrelations between instrumental actions, action understanding and gesture generation in humans and other apes. In doing so, I will contrast the similarities and differences in the use and comprehension of gestures in humans and apes. Like humans, apes use gestures flexibly and they can even learn new gestures. Unlike humans, however, imitative learning does not seem to be the main mechanism underlying gesture acquisition in great apes. Instead apes seem to learn many of their gestures in social interaction with others via processes of ontogenetic ritualization by means of which instrumental actions are transformed into gestures. Like humans, apes can extract information about the goals contained in the actions of others but there is much less evidence that they also grasp some of the representational properties of certain kinds of gestures and the communicative intentions behind them.
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