RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ACID IONS AND CARBONACEOUS FLY-ASH PARTICLES IN DEPOSITION AT EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN LAKES

摘要

The concentrations of major ions and spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles (SCPs) in bulk deposition were determined in weekly samples from six European mountain lakes during 1997/98. SCPs are produced only from high temperature combustion of fossil-fuels and therefore provide an unambiguous indicator of atmospheric deposition from this source. Positive correlations were observed between SCPs and SO_4~(2-) NO_3~-and NH_4~+ at all sites except for some determinands at Jorisee (Switzerland) and Starolesnienske (Slovakia). Correlations between SCPs and SO_4~(2-) + NO_3~- were always more positive than for SCPs with 'total acid ions' (SO_4~(2-) + NO_3~- + NH_4~+). This is in agreement with the expectation that the contribution to NH_4~+ deposition made by fossil-fuels is negligible. Good positive correlations between SCPs and all acid anions were observed at Estany Redo (Pyrenees); lower but still positive correlations were observed for all acid ions with SCPs at Gossenkollesee (Austria), Lochnagar and Karvatn (central Norway), whilst little trend in correlation was observed for Jorisee and Starolesnienske. It is suggested that this gradient reflects the influence of fossil-fuels on acid deposition in these areas. A high positive correlation was observed between SCP and Cl~- at Gossenkollesee possibly as a result of HC1 from coal combustion.