Vaginal Douching as a Possible Source of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene among Reproductive-Aged Women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004

摘要

Chronic exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contributes to adverse health effects in humans. No previous study has examined the use of feminine hygiene product as a potential source of VOCs. Several scientists and interest groups are calling for more research to fill in the gaps. Data on 2,432 women aged 20-49 years from NHANES 2001-2004 were used. We examined the associations between self-reported use of feminine products (tampons, sanitary napkins, vaginal douches, feminine spray, feminine powder, feminine wipes/towelettes, and other products) with whole blood concentrations of VOCs. Concentrations were log-transformed to ensure normality. We utilized a directed acyclic graph to identify a minimal adjustment set to account for confounding. Multivariate linear regression models with complex survey design were used to estimate percent changes in VOC concentrations and 95% confidence interval (CI). Black women had a significantly more use of vaginal douching, and significantly higher whole blood concentrations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (P