From insanely jealous to insanely delicious: Computational models for the semantic bleaching of English intensifiers

摘要

We introduce novel computational models for modeling semantic bleaching, a widespread category of change in which words become more abstract or lose elements of meaning, like the development of arrive from its earlier meaning 'become at shore.' We validate our methods on a widespread case of bleaching in English: de-adjectival adverbs that originate as manner adverbs (as in awfully behaved) and later become intensifying adverbs (as in awfully nice). Our methods formally quantify three reflexes of bleaching: decreasing similarity to the source meaning (e.g., awful), increasing similarity to a fully bleached prototype (e.g., very), and increasing productivity (e.g., the breadth of adjectives that an adverb modifies). We also test a new causal model and find evidence that bleaching is initially triggered in contexts such as conspicuously evident and insanely jealous, where an adverb premodifies a semantically similar adjective. These contexts provide a form of 'bridging context' (Evans and Wilkins. 2000) that allow a manner adverb to be reinterpreted as an intensifying adverb similar to very.