Liquid immersion development of latent electrostatic images has been described by the transport equations for charged toners and counter-ions. Since the charge density in the development gap is, in general, comparable to or greater than the latent image charge density (e.g. on the photoreceptor), the charge transport is expected to be space-charge perturbed or limited. This paper reports an electrical experiment which provides not only a direct observation and confirmation of the space-charge effects in lqiuid development, but also serves as a novel characterization technique for the electrical properties of liquid developers in an environment closely simulating the actual development zone.
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