A filter device of an adjustable pulsed ray source and a portable X-ray inspection device, which relate to security inspection equipment. The following four parts are comprised: a pulsed ray source (1), a filter device (2), a flat panel detector (3) and a control device. The filter device (2) is fixedly installed in front of a beam exit of the pulsed ray source (1), and low-energy rays are filtered by means of the rotation of the filter device (2). By means of using the pulsed X-ray source (1) and the flat panel detector (3), an X-ray transmission imaging method is applied. The imaging principle is to control the number of pulses of the pulsed X-ray source (1) and the filter device (2) installed at the front end of the X-ray source (1), so that two X-rays of different energy amounts separately perform transmission imaging on the same object under inspection. Then, algorithmic processing is performed on two imaging signals of different energy amounts to obtain an equivalent atomic number of the object under inspection, so as to achieve material identification and complete the inspection of objects comprising luggage, packages, or mail.
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