Disclosed are an adjustable pulsed flat-panel portable X-ray inspection device, which is a security inspection apparatus, and a dual-energy material identification method using the adjustable pulsed flat-panel portable X-ray inspection device. The inspection device comprises a pulsed ray source (1), a filtering device (2), a flat panel detector (3) and a control device. The filtering device (2) is fixed in front of a beam outlet of the pulsed ray source (1), and the filtering device (2) filters low-energy rays by means of rotation. In the device, the pulsed X-ray source (1) and the flat panel detector (3) are used to implement an X-ray transmission imaging method, in which, by means of controlling the pulse number of the pulsed X-ray source (1) and the filtering device (2) arranged at the front end of the X-ray source, the same inspected object is subjected to transmission imaging under X-rays of two different energies, and two imaging signals of different energies are then subjected to algorithm processing to obtain an equivalent atomic number of the detected object, thereby achieving the identification of substances and implementing the inspection of objects including luggage, parcels or mail.
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