A modular fundus camera including an adaptive optical module that detachably interfaces to a fundus camera body and image capture subsystem. The fundus camera body directs light produced from a first light source into the human eye and then collects and collimates retinal reflections. The adaptive optical module includes a wavefront sensor, controller and phase-compensating optical element. The wavefront sensor measures phase aberrations in the retinal reflections and operates in a closed-loop fashion with the controller to control the phase-compensating optical element to compensate for such phase aberrations to produce phase-compensated retinal reflections for output to the image capture subsystem.
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