Preparing a neutral or a cationic compound (I), comprises polymerizing a thiophene compound (II) by chemical or electrochemical oxidation. The (I) is cationic and carries a maximum of m+2 positive charge. Preparing a neutral or a cationic compound of formula (I), comprises polymerizing a thiophene compound of formula (II) by chemical or electrochemical oxidation. The (I) is cationic and carries a maximum of m+2 positive charge. A : 2-4C alkylene; R : optionally branched, optionally substituted 1-18C alkyl, optionally substituted 5-12C cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 6-14C aryl, optionally substituted 1-4C hydroxyalkyl or OH; x : 0-8; and m : 2-100. [Image].
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