Techniques for characterizing targets include obtaining multiple time series of images. Each image represents light measured in an interrogation area under conditions that cause only one optical marker type of at least two optical marker types to emit or scatter light. Each different time series indicates light measured from a different single optical marker type. The at least two optical marker types are configured to collocate with a single target type. The techniques include determining a path of a speck of light from an individual optical marker of a first optical marker type. The techniques also include determining whether the path corresponds to the target type based on persistence of collocation of a speck of light from each of the other optical marker types. The collocation can be based on maximum correlation in a portion of contemporaneous images. The persistence can be long compared to random separation times.
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