The echo sounding method comprises the following steps: controlling (100) a plurality of emitters for M successive emissions of ultrasonic waves in a medium; controlling (100) N receivers for receiving, for each successive emission, N measuring signals; obtaining (100) a matrix [K(t)] of temporal signals of size MxN, each coefficient Ki,j(t) of said matrix representing the measuring signal received by the jth receiver as a result of the Ith emission; transforming (102) the matrix [K(t)] into a matrix [FTK(f)] of frequency signals over a plurality of temporal frequencies of interest. For each temporal frequency of interest, a diagonalisable matrix is obtained (106) by autocorrelation of the matrix [FTK(f)], and a plurality of reference signals are projected (112) at several distinct spatial frequencies of interest over a specific subspace of the diagonalisable matrix obtained. A two-dimensional representation of characteristic dispersion curves is thus obtained from the medium (114) from said projections (112) at each temporal frequency of interest and at each spatial frequency of interest.
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