In vivo lactate concentrations may be monitored to determine a rate of lactate clearance as one metric of an individual's physical fitness. The rate of lactate clearance may guide further training. Lactate may be monitored using a sensing system comprising a lactate-responsive sensor, and a signal from the sensor may be communicated to a processor for calculating the lactate concentrations and a rate of lactate clearance. Some methods for determining physical fitness may comprise: measuring a plurality of lactate concentrations in a biological fluid with a sensing system comprising a lactate-responsive sensor over a period of time while the lactate concentrations are decreasing following a peak lactate level; and specifying that a second exercise event be conducted after a recovery period in which the lactate level has fallen to a predetermined concentration.
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