Mécanismes impliqués dans la polarisation des lymphocytes T CD4+ folliculaires et l'initiation de l'immunité muqueuse après immunisation intradermique par un antigène particulaire

摘要

The quality of the adaptive immune response to a vaccine is driven by the nature of dendritic cells (DCs) engaged during vaccination. Skin immunization is particularly efficient as it targets the numerous cutaneous DCs, including Langerhans cells (LCs). However, the relationship between DCs and effector cells associated with humoral immunity has not been elucidated. The main objective of my thesis was to identify cellular mechanisms implicated in the initialization of the humoral immune response, in the context of intradermal (i.d.) vaccination with particle-based antigens. In examining the spatial and temporal distribution of synthetic PLA particles adsorbed with the HIV-p24 protein, we observed their uptake by both cutaneous DCs and also skin-draining lymph node (dLNs) resident DCs. However, our immune response study highlighted that only skin cells, and in particular LCs, were able to stimulate polarization of follicular helper T cells (TFH) and the development of IgA-secreting B lymphocytes. I.d. vaccination also induced an inflammatory cell infiltration at both the injection site and in dLNs. Using a Ccr2-/- mouse model, we have shown the CCR2+ dependant cells can interfere in TFH polarization. Finally, the study of the dLN micro-environment suggested TNF can promote TFH formation. In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of targeting skin DC in vaccination to propose new vaccine strategies.