Pemikiran politik Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghaniudmengenai konsep pembinaan peradaban ummah udrespons masyarakat terhadapnya

摘要

Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani was the founder of reformist movement in the Muslim modern world. His political idea was to stir the Muslims from their nightmare of being colonized by Westerns. Al-Afghani urged the Muslims to fight against western colonialisation in their country. This article discusses and elaborates on how rulers, scholars and westerners responded to al-Afghani’s thinking