Language Politics in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia

摘要

This thesis attempts to answer the following research questions: What are the internal trends and dynamics of language usage in each of these three countries. What is the relationship between official policies and actual language use. The political union of southern Slavs in the multiethnic state of Yugoslavia came to a violent end in the 1990s. The joint Serbo-Croatian language also ceased to exist as an official language when the Yugoslav successor states Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia identified only Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian as their respective official languages. Language use in these states became a political tool used to emphasize the differences among the ethnicities and to gauge ethnic loyalty. For example, Croatia endeavored to 'cleanse' its language of any characteristics in common with the joint Serbo- Croatian language. Serbian nationalists rejected the Latin alphabet and insisted on using the Cyrillic alphabet. Bosniaks recognized a Bosnian language that was not acknowledged by Bosnia's ethnic Croats or ethnic Serbs. While language previously had been a means to unite Balkan Slavs, it was now an instrument of nationalism wielded by politically motivated actors to widen the division among the ethnicities. Language disputes have not destroyed Yugoslavia, but they may hinder recovery and modernization. As each Yugoslav successor state strives toward integration into the European Union, political questions concerning language may polarize domestic politics and inhibit regional cooperation, thereby hampering efforts to carry out needed economic and political reforms.