Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)

摘要

Engvall and Perlman originally introduced the enzyme immunoassay using the term ELISA for enzyme - linked immunosorbent - essay . This name has been with us for nearly 15 years. However, the term EIA representing enzyme immunoassay has come more into vogue since it incorporated the homogeneous assays. This comes closer to the terminology employed by Van Weeman and Schuurs who independently developed the EIA paper. The EIA system has been attractive not only for its sensitivity and specificity but because it is an extremely adaptable system based on the measurement of primary antigen-antibody interactions rather than secondary phenomena such as agglutination, complement fixation, or precipitation reactions. A significant early development was the adaption of the technique to solid phase tubes and plates. The EIA is a serologic tool which has replaced the RIA (radioimmunoassay) for the diagnosis of a number of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Enzyme immune assays may be used to detect antibodies or antigens. These assays may be structured as competitive or non-competitive techniques. In addition, the procedure may be adapted to homologous or heterologous hapten EIA's.