Above-ground regulatory constraints and drilling disappointments are diminishing hopes for European shale oil and gas development. Environmental concerns have been the main impediment in western Europe. French president Francois Hollande says a moratorium on hydraulic fracturing will remain in place throughout his term, which ends in 2017. Germany has repeat- edly postponed a bill regulating the prac- tice because of ministerial disagreements, and its passage looks unlikely before fed- eral elections in September.
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