Processing rule-governed knowledge recruits the procedural memory system rooted in frontal/basal-ganglia circuits, whereas processing memorized idiosyncratic knowledge depends on temporal lobe regions involved in declarative memory (Ullman, 2001). These or related systems likely underlie rule- and memory-based processes in both language and music (Langheim et al, 2002; Patel, 2003; Miranda and Ullman, 2007). Miranda and Ullman (2007) found that "out-of-key" notes - constituting violations of musical tonality rules in familiar and unfamiliar melodies - elicited similar neural responses to grammar rule violations in language, whereas unexpected "in-key" notes in familiar melodies elicited a pattern of brain activity associated with lexical-semantic processing. Tasks requiring detection of violations can reveal whether putative deficits in patients are associated with processing rule-based (procedural) or memorized (declarative) knowledge.
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